UGC NET (English): 100 Questions & Answers of Unit – IX: Literary Theory Post World War II
UGC NET (English): 100 Questions & Answers of Unit – IX: Literary Theory Post World War II
Unit – IX: Literary Theory Post World War II
1. What post-war French philosophical movement, championed by Jean-Paul Sartre, emphasized individual freedom, choice, and responsibility? Existentialism.
2. Who wrote the foundational existentialist lecture and essay Existentialism is a Humanism (1946)? Jean-Paul Sartre.
3. Which French existentialist philosopher and writer authored The Second Sex (1949)? Simone de Beauvoir.
4. What Frankfurt School critical theory work by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno analyzed the capitalist mass production of culture? Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947).
5. Who wrote the post-structuralist critique The Order of Things (1966) and explored the archaeology of human sciences? Michel Foucault.
6. What concept did Foucault introduce to describe institutional systems of thought and power that govern an era? Episteme.
7. Who wrote the 1967 deconstructive texts Of Grammatology, Writing and Difference, and Speech and Phenomena? Jacques Derrida.
8. What Derridian term describes the illusion that a word possesses an immediate, stable, and foundational inner meaning? Metaphysics of Presence (or Logocentrism).
9. Who wrote the landmark structuralist essay 'The Death of the Author' (1967)? Roland Barthes.
10. What structuralist work by Roland Barthes analyzed narrative codes using five signifying systems? (S/Z, 1970)
11. Which French psychoanalyst introduced the 'return to Freud' and the 'mirror stage' in post-war theory? Jacques Lacan.
12. What term does Lacan use for the unconscious realm of language and social laws that an individual enters? The Symbolic Order.
13. Who wrote the seminal post-colonial study Orientalism (1978)? Edward Said.
14. What post-colonial concept describes the deconstruction of binary oppositions between the colonizer and the colonized? Hybridity.
15. Who wrote the post-colonial essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1988)? Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
16. What term did Gayatri Spivak coin to describe the silencing and marginalization of subaltern women within imperial and patriarchal structures? Strategic Essentialism.
17. Who wrote The Location of Culture (1994), introducing hybridity, mimicry, and the third space? Homi K. Bhabha.
18. What post-colonial theorist wrote Black Skin, White Masks (1952) and The Wretched of the Earth (1961)? Frantz Fanon.
19. Who wrote the postmodern philosophical report The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979)? Jean-François Lyotard.
20. What did Lyotard define as the hallmark of postmodernity? Incredulity toward metanarratives.
21. Who wrote Simulacra and Simulation (1981), outlining hyperreality and signs without originals? Jean Baudrillard.
22. What term does Baudrillard use to describe the final stage of simulacra where a sign bears no relation to any reality whatsoever? Hyperreality.
23. Who wrote Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991)? Fredric Jameson.
24. What term does Fredric Jameson use to characterize the random borrowing of past stylistic elements in postmodern art without historical depth? Pastiche.
25. Who wrote the reader-response critical work Is There a Text in This Class? (1980)? Stanley Fish.
26. What concept did Stanley Fish introduce to describe shared interpretive strategies among readers? Interpretive Communities.
27. Who wrote The Implied Reader (1972) and pioneered German reception theory? Wolfgang Iser.
28. Which German literary scholar founded reception aesthetics with the essay 'Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory' (1967)? Hans Robert Jauss.
29. What term does Hans Robert Jauss use to describe the historical and cultural framework of expectations shared by an audience? Horizon of Expectations.
30. Who wrote the New Critical manifesto The Well Wrought Urn (1947)? Cleanth Brooks.
31. What New Critical term identifies the error of judging a poem by its emotional impact on the audience? Affective Fallacy.
32. What New Critical term identifies the error of judging a text based on the author's intended meaning? Intentional Fallacy.
33. Who wrote the monumental archetypal study Anatomy of Criticism (1957)? Northrop Frye.
34. What Russian Formalist concept, introduced by Viktor Shklovsky, refers to artistic defamiliarization? Ostranenie (Defamiliarization).
35. Who wrote Course in General Linguistics (published posthumously in 1916), establishing modern structuralism? Ferdinand de Saussure.
36. What foundational post-war feminist study of literary history is The Madwoman in the Attic (1979)? Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar.
37. Who coined the term 'gynocriticism' to describe the study of women as writers and the tradition of female literature? Elaine Showalter.
38. Who wrote the groundbreaking feminist text Sexual Politics (1969)? Kate Millett.
39. What 1990 feminist work by Judith Butler introduced the concept of gender performativity? Gender Trouble.
40. Who wrote Epistemology of the Closet (1990), a cornerstone text of queer theory? Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
41. Who wrote the influential feminist film theory essay 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' (1975)? Laura Mulvey.
42. What term did Laura Mulvey coin to describe the cinematic framing of women as objects of heterosexual male desire? The Male Gaze.
43. Who wrote the Marxist structuralist analysis Reading Capital (1965) and formulated Ideological State Apparatuses? Louis Althusser.
44. What term does Louis Althusser use for the process whereby ideology hails or constitutes individuals as social subjects? Interpellation.
45. Who wrote Culture and Society (1958) and Marxism and Literature (1977), founding cultural materialism? Raymond Williams.
46. Who wrote The Political Unconscious (1981) with the famous maxim 'Always historicize!'? Fredric Jameson.
47. Who wrote the 20th-century eco-critical text The Environmental Imagination (1995)? Lawrence Buell.
48. What post-war school of literary criticism focused on the close, rigorous analysis of paradox, irony, and tension within poetry? New Criticism.
49. Who wrote The Mirror and the Lamp (1953), classifying critical theories into four distinct orientations? M.H. Abrams.
50. What four orientations did M.H. Abrams outline in The Mirror and the Lamp? Universe, Artist, Work, and Audience (Mimetic, Expressive, Objective, and Pragmatic theories).
51. Who wrote Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930), heavily influencing post-war analytical criticism? William Empson.
52. Who wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962), analyzing the transition from print culture to electronic media? Marshall McLuhan.
53. What catchphrase did Marshall McLuhan coin in Understanding Media (1964)? 'The medium is the message.'
54. Who wrote Mythologies (1957), decoding modern cultural myths through semiotics? Roland Barthes.
55. Who wrote Discipline and Punish (1975), examining the history of the prison, surveillance, and power? Michel Foucault.
56. What Foucaultian concept describes a prison structure designed for continuous observation of inmates? Panopticon.
57. Who wrote The History of Sexuality (1976), arguing that modern power operates by regulating and producing discourse on sex? Michel Foucault.
58. Who wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)? Jurgen Habermas.
59. What term does Jurgen Habermas use for the rational-critical debate space essential to democratic society? The Public Sphere.
60. Who wrote Eros and Civilization (1955), attempting a synthesis of Freud and Marx? Herbert Marcuse.
61. What term did Herbert Marcuse use in One-Dimensional Man (1964) to describe advanced industrial society? One-Dimensional Society.
62. Who wrote The Practice of Everyday Life (1980), analyzing how ordinary people navigate dominant structures? Michel de Certeau.
63. Who wrote Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979)? Pierre Bourdieu.
64. What term does Pierre Bourdieu use to describe non-financial assets like education and credentials that confer social status? Cultural Capital.
65. What term does Bourdieu use for embodied dispositions, habits, and learned behaviors? Habitus.
66. Who wrote Subculture: The Meaning of Style (1979), analyzing British youth cultures like punk? Dick Hebdige.
67. Who wrote Imagined Communities (1983), analyzing nations as socially constructed artifacts? Benedict Anderson.
68. Who wrote Modernity at Large (1996), coining the concept of global cultural flows or 'scapes'? Arjun Appadurai.
69. Who wrote the feminist essay 'A Cyborg Manifesto' (1985)? Donna Haraway.
70. What term does Donna Haraway use to deconstruct rigid boundaries between humans, animals, and technology? Cyborg.
71. Who wrote The Poetics of Space (1958), examining phenomenology and spatial imagination? Gaston Bachelard.
72. Who wrote The Production of Space (1974), foundational for spatial criticism? Henri Lefebvre.
73. Who wrote Postmodern Geographies (1989), arguing for the spatial turn in critical theory? Edward W. Soja.
74. Terry Eagleton.
75. Who wrote Criticism and Ideology (1976) and The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990)? Terry Eagleton.
76. What post-war critical approach investigates trauma, memory, and historical witness in texts? Trauma Theory.
77. Who wrote Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (1996)? Cathy Caruth.
78. Who wrote How We Became Posthuman (1999), analyzing cybernetics and information technology? N. Katherine Hayles.
79. What critical school investigates human-animal boundaries and the representation of animals in literature? Critical Animal Studies.
80. Who wrote Zoopoetics: Animals and the Making of Poetry (2006)? Aaron M. Moe.
81. What term does Jacques Derrida use to denote the endless deferral of meaning in language? Differance.
82. What Derridian practice involves dismantling binary oppositions within a philosophical text? Deconstruction.
83. Who wrote The Ethics of Reading (1987) and was a major figure in the Yale School of deconstruction? J. Hillis Miller.
84. Who wrote Allegories of Reading (1979)? Paul de Man.
85. Which Yale School critic wrote Blindness and Insight (1971)? Paul de Man.
86. Who wrote The Rhetoric of Romanticism (1984)? Paul de Man.
87. Which member of the Yale School of deconstruction wrote A Map of Misreading (1975) and The Anxiety of Influence (1973)? Harold Bloom.
88. What psychological theory did Harold Bloom adapt to explain how poets struggle with their literary precursors? Oedipus Complex, Freudian anxiety (The Anxiety of Influence).
89. Who wrote Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism (1982)? Harold Bloom.
90. Who wrote Deconstruction: Theory and Practice (1982)? Christopher Norris.
91. What term does Roland Barthes use to describe a text that invites active, plural production of meaning rather than passive consumption? Writerly Text (Texte Scriptible).
92. What term does Barthes use for a conventional, closed text that offers passive consumption? Readerly Text (Texte Lisible).
93. Who wrote S/Z (1970) applying narratological codes to Balzac's novella Sarrasine? Roland Barthes.
94. Who wrote Narrative Discourse (1972), establishing modern narratology? Gerard Genette.
95. What structuralist narratologist wrote Structuralism and Literary Criticism and classified narrative levels? Gerard Genette.
96. Who wrote The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre (1970)? Tzvetan Todorov.
97. What critical approach examines the intersection of race, gender, class, and sexuality simultaneously? Intersectionality (formalized by Kimberlé Crenshaw).
98. Who wrote Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism (1981)? Bell Hooks.
99. Who wrote Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)? Bell Hooks.
100. What overarching philosophical transformation characterizes post-World War II literary theory? The linguistic turn, rejection of foundationalism, and interrogation of power, ideology, and language.
Unit – IX: Literary Theory Post World War II
1. What post-war French philosophical movement, championed by Jean-Paul Sartre, emphasized individual freedom, choice, and responsibility? Existentialism.
2. Who wrote the foundational existentialist lecture and essay Existentialism is a Humanism (1946)? Jean-Paul Sartre.
3. Which French existentialist philosopher and writer authored The Second Sex (1949)? Simone de Beauvoir.
4. What Frankfurt School critical theory work by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno analyzed the capitalist mass production of culture? Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947).
5. Who wrote the post-structuralist critique The Order of Things (1966) and explored the archaeology of human sciences? Michel Foucault.
6. What concept did Foucault introduce to describe institutional systems of thought and power that govern an era? Episteme.
7. Who wrote the 1967 deconstructive texts Of Grammatology, Writing and Difference, and Speech and Phenomena? Jacques Derrida.
8. What Derridian term describes the illusion that a word possesses an immediate, stable, and foundational inner meaning? Metaphysics of Presence (or Logocentrism).
9. Who wrote the landmark structuralist essay 'The Death of the Author' (1967)? Roland Barthes.
10. What structuralist work by Roland Barthes analyzed narrative codes using five signifying systems? (S/Z, 1970)
11. Which French psychoanalyst introduced the 'return to Freud' and the 'mirror stage' in post-war theory? Jacques Lacan.
12. What term does Lacan use for the unconscious realm of language and social laws that an individual enters? The Symbolic Order.
13. Who wrote the seminal post-colonial study Orientalism (1978)? Edward Said.
14. What post-colonial concept describes the deconstruction of binary oppositions between the colonizer and the colonized? Hybridity.
15. Who wrote the post-colonial essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1988)? Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
16. What term did Gayatri Spivak coin to describe the silencing and marginalization of subaltern women within imperial and patriarchal structures? Strategic Essentialism.
17. Who wrote The Location of Culture (1994), introducing hybridity, mimicry, and the third space? Homi K. Bhabha.
18. What post-colonial theorist wrote Black Skin, White Masks (1952) and The Wretched of the Earth (1961)? Frantz Fanon.
19. Who wrote the postmodern philosophical report The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979)? Jean-François Lyotard.
20. What did Lyotard define as the hallmark of postmodernity? Incredulity toward metanarratives.
21. Who wrote Simulacra and Simulation (1981), outlining hyperreality and signs without originals? Jean Baudrillard.
22. What term does Baudrillard use to describe the final stage of simulacra where a sign bears no relation to any reality whatsoever? Hyperreality.
23. Who wrote Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991)? Fredric Jameson.
24. What term does Fredric Jameson use to characterize the random borrowing of past stylistic elements in postmodern art without historical depth? Pastiche.
25. Who wrote the reader-response critical work Is There a Text in This Class? (1980)? Stanley Fish.
26. What concept did Stanley Fish introduce to describe shared interpretive strategies among readers? Interpretive Communities.
27. Who wrote The Implied Reader (1972) and pioneered German reception theory? Wolfgang Iser.
28. Which German literary scholar founded reception aesthetics with the essay 'Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory' (1967)? Hans Robert Jauss.
29. What term does Hans Robert Jauss use to describe the historical and cultural framework of expectations shared by an audience? Horizon of Expectations.
30. Who wrote the New Critical manifesto The Well Wrought Urn (1947)? Cleanth Brooks.
31. What New Critical term identifies the error of judging a poem by its emotional impact on the audience? Affective Fallacy.
32. What New Critical term identifies the error of judging a text based on the author's intended meaning? Intentional Fallacy.
33. Who wrote the monumental archetypal study Anatomy of Criticism (1957)? Northrop Frye.
34. What Russian Formalist concept, introduced by Viktor Shklovsky, refers to artistic defamiliarization? Ostranenie (Defamiliarization).
35. Who wrote Course in General Linguistics (published posthumously in 1916), establishing modern structuralism? Ferdinand de Saussure.
36. What foundational post-war feminist study of literary history is The Madwoman in the Attic (1979)? Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar.
37. Who coined the term 'gynocriticism' to describe the study of women as writers and the tradition of female literature? Elaine Showalter.
38. Who wrote the groundbreaking feminist text Sexual Politics (1969)? Kate Millett.
39. What 1990 feminist work by Judith Butler introduced the concept of gender performativity? Gender Trouble.
40. Who wrote Epistemology of the Closet (1990), a cornerstone text of queer theory? Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
41. Who wrote the influential feminist film theory essay 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' (1975)? Laura Mulvey.
42. What term did Laura Mulvey coin to describe the cinematic framing of women as objects of heterosexual male desire? The Male Gaze.
43. Who wrote the Marxist structuralist analysis Reading Capital (1965) and formulated Ideological State Apparatuses? Louis Althusser.
44. What term does Louis Althusser use for the process whereby ideology hails or constitutes individuals as social subjects? Interpellation.
45. Who wrote Culture and Society (1958) and Marxism and Literature (1977), founding cultural materialism? Raymond Williams.
46. Who wrote The Political Unconscious (1981) with the famous maxim 'Always historicize!'? Fredric Jameson.
47. Who wrote the 20th-century eco-critical text The Environmental Imagination (1995)? Lawrence Buell.
48. What post-war school of literary criticism focused on the close, rigorous analysis of paradox, irony, and tension within poetry? New Criticism.
49. Who wrote The Mirror and the Lamp (1953), classifying critical theories into four distinct orientations? M.H. Abrams.
50. What four orientations did M.H. Abrams outline in The Mirror and the Lamp? Universe, Artist, Work, and Audience (Mimetic, Expressive, Objective, and Pragmatic theories).
51. Who wrote Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930), heavily influencing post-war analytical criticism? William Empson.
52. Who wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962), analyzing the transition from print culture to electronic media? Marshall McLuhan.
53. What catchphrase did Marshall McLuhan coin in Understanding Media (1964)? 'The medium is the message.'
54. Who wrote Mythologies (1957), decoding modern cultural myths through semiotics? Roland Barthes.
55. Who wrote Discipline and Punish (1975), examining the history of the prison, surveillance, and power? Michel Foucault.
56. What Foucaultian concept describes a prison structure designed for continuous observation of inmates? Panopticon.
57. Who wrote The History of Sexuality (1976), arguing that modern power operates by regulating and producing discourse on sex? Michel Foucault.
58. Who wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)? Jurgen Habermas.
59. What term does Jurgen Habermas use for the rational-critical debate space essential to democratic society? The Public Sphere.
60. Who wrote Eros and Civilization (1955), attempting a synthesis of Freud and Marx? Herbert Marcuse.
61. What term did Herbert Marcuse use in One-Dimensional Man (1964) to describe advanced industrial society? One-Dimensional Society.
62. Who wrote The Practice of Everyday Life (1980), analyzing how ordinary people navigate dominant structures? Michel de Certeau.
63. Who wrote Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979)? Pierre Bourdieu.
64. What term does Pierre Bourdieu use to describe non-financial assets like education and credentials that confer social status? Cultural Capital.
65. What term does Bourdieu use for embodied dispositions, habits, and learned behaviors? Habitus.
66. Who wrote Subculture: The Meaning of Style (1979), analyzing British youth cultures like punk? Dick Hebdige.
67. Who wrote Imagined Communities (1983), analyzing nations as socially constructed artifacts? Benedict Anderson.
68. Who wrote Modernity at Large (1996), coining the concept of global cultural flows or 'scapes'? Arjun Appadurai.
69. Who wrote the feminist essay 'A Cyborg Manifesto' (1985)? Donna Haraway.
70. What term does Donna Haraway use to deconstruct rigid boundaries between humans, animals, and technology? Cyborg.
71. Who wrote The Poetics of Space (1958), examining phenomenology and spatial imagination? Gaston Bachelard.
72. Who wrote The Production of Space (1974), foundational for spatial criticism? Henri Lefebvre.
73. Who wrote Postmodern Geographies (1989), arguing for the spatial turn in critical theory? Edward W. Soja.
74. Terry Eagleton.
75. Who wrote Criticism and Ideology (1976) and The Ideology of the Aesthetic (1990)? Terry Eagleton.
76. What post-war critical approach investigates trauma, memory, and historical witness in texts? Trauma Theory.
77. Who wrote Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (1996)? Cathy Caruth.
78. Who wrote How We Became Posthuman (1999), analyzing cybernetics and information technology? N. Katherine Hayles.
79. What critical school investigates human-animal boundaries and the representation of animals in literature? Critical Animal Studies.
80. Who wrote Zoopoetics: Animals and the Making of Poetry (2006)? Aaron M. Moe.
81. What term does Jacques Derrida use to denote the endless deferral of meaning in language? Differance.
82. What Derridian practice involves dismantling binary oppositions within a philosophical text? Deconstruction.
83. Who wrote The Ethics of Reading (1987) and was a major figure in the Yale School of deconstruction? J. Hillis Miller.
84. Who wrote Allegories of Reading (1979)? Paul de Man.
85. Which Yale School critic wrote Blindness and Insight (1971)? Paul de Man.
86. Who wrote The Rhetoric of Romanticism (1984)? Paul de Man.
87. Which member of the Yale School of deconstruction wrote A Map of Misreading (1975) and The Anxiety of Influence (1973)? Harold Bloom.
88. What psychological theory did Harold Bloom adapt to explain how poets struggle with their literary precursors? Oedipus Complex, Freudian anxiety (The Anxiety of Influence).
89. Who wrote Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism (1982)? Harold Bloom.
90. Who wrote Deconstruction: Theory and Practice (1982)? Christopher Norris.
91. What term does Roland Barthes use to describe a text that invites active, plural production of meaning rather than passive consumption? Writerly Text (Texte Scriptible).
92. What term does Barthes use for a conventional, closed text that offers passive consumption? Readerly Text (Texte Lisible).
93. Who wrote S/Z (1970) applying narratological codes to Balzac's novella Sarrasine? Roland Barthes.
94. Who wrote Narrative Discourse (1972), establishing modern narratology? Gerard Genette.
95. What structuralist narratologist wrote Structuralism and Literary Criticism and classified narrative levels? Gerard Genette.
96. Who wrote The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre (1970)? Tzvetan Todorov.
97. What critical approach examines the intersection of race, gender, class, and sexuality simultaneously? Intersectionality (formalized by Kimberlé Crenshaw).
98. Who wrote Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism (1981)? Bell Hooks.
99. Who wrote Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984)? Bell Hooks.
100. What overarching philosophical transformation characterizes post-World War II literary theory? The linguistic turn, rejection of foundationalism, and interrogation of power, ideology, and language.