UGC NET (English): 100 Questions & Answers of Unit – VIII: Literary Criticism
UGC NET (English): 100 Questions & Answers of Unit – VIII: Literary Criticism
Unit – VIII: Literary Criticism
1. Who wrote the classical Greek critical treatise Poetics? Aristotle.
2. What foundational literary concept did Aristotle use to describe the emotional cleansing achieved through tragedy? Catharsis (Katharsis).
3. Which Roman poet wrote Ars Poetica (The Art of Poetry)? Horace.
4. Who wrote the Renaissance critical work An Apology for Poetry (also known as The Defence of Poesy)? Sir Philip Sidney.
5. Which neoclassical critic wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668)? John Dryden.
6. Who authored the neoclassical critical essay An Essay on Criticism (1711)? Alexander Pope.
7. What critical standard advocated for the representation of universal human nature, decorum, and adherence to classical rules? Neoclassicism.
8. Which Romantic poet-critic co-authored Lyrical Ballads and wrote Biographia Literaria? Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
9. What distinction did Coleridge make between the 'primary imagination,' 'secondary imagination,' and what other faculty? Fancy.
10. Who wrote the Victorian critical essay 'The Study of Poetry' (1880), introducing the 'touchstone' method? Matthew Arnold.
11. What is poetry according to Matthew Arnold? A criticism of life.
12. Which Victorian art critic and essayist wrote Studies in the History of The Renaissance (1873), championing aestheticism? Walter Pater.
13. What 20th-century critic wrote Principles of Literary Criticism and founded practical criticism? I.A. Richards (Ivor Armstrong Richards).
14. Who introduced the concepts of 'objective correlative' and 'dissociation of sensibility'? T.S. Eliot.
15. What term did T.S. Eliot coin to describe a set of objects, a situation, or a chain of events serving as the formula for a particular emotion? Objective correlative.
16. Which American critic wrote The Well Wrought Urn (1947) and was a leading figure in the New Criticism movement? Cleanth Brooks.
17. What New Critical fallacy warns against judging a literary work based on the author's intended meaning? Intentional fallacy (formulated by W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley).
18. What New Critical fallacy warns against judging a poem by its emotional effect upon the reader? Affective fallacy.
19. Who wrote The Anatomy of Criticism (1957), introducing a monumental archetypal and mythic classification of literature? Northrop Frye.
20. What critical movement focuses closely on the close reading of textual ironies, paradoxes, and tensions without external historical context? New Criticism.
21. Who founded Russian Formalism with his essay 'Art as Device'? Viktor Shklovsky.
22. What Russian Formalist term describes the artistic technique of making familiar things strange to renew human perception? Defamiliarization (Ostranenie).
23. What distinction did Russian Formalists draw between the chronological sequence of events (fabula) and the narrative plot structure (syuzhet)? Fabula and Syuzhet.
24. Who wrote Course in General Linguistics (1916), laying the structuralist foundation for semiotics? Ferdinand de Saussure.
25. What linguistic pair did Saussure use to distinguish between the abstract language system (langue) and individual speech (parole)? Langue and Parole.
26. Who applied structural anthropology to mythology and literature, analyzing binary oppositions? Claude Levi-Strauss.
27. Who wrote 'S/Z' (1970) and analyzed narrative codes, and also wrote 'The Death of the Author'? Roland Barthes.
28. What post-structuralist philosopher introduced 'deconstruction' and the concept of differance? Jacques Derrida.
29. What term does Derrida use to denote the unstable, deferred nature of meaning in language? Differance.
30. Which French psychoanalyst re-read Sigmund Freud through structural linguistics, declaring that the unconscious is 'structured like a language'? Jacques Lacan.
31. What stage in Lacanian psychoanalysis describes an infant recognizing its mirror reflection as an idealized whole? The Mirror Stage.
32. Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), laying early feminist philosophical groundwork? Mary Wollstonecraft.
33. Which 20th-century feminist work by Simone de Beauvoir famously declared that one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman? The Second Sex (1949).
34. Who wrote A Room of One's Own (1929), exploring women's writing and financial independence? Virginia Woolf.
35. Who wrote the landmark feminist critique Sexual Politics (1969)? Kate Millett.
36. What critical approach, pioneered by Elaine Showalter, focuses on women as writers and the history of women's literature? Gynocriticism.
37. Who wrote The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), examining 19th-century female literary figures? Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar.
38. What theoretical framework examines the representation of social classes, ideology, and capitalism in literary texts? Marxist Literary Criticism.
39. Who wrote Marxism and Literature (1977) and pioneered cultural materialism? Raymond Williams.
40. Which Marxist literary theorist wrote Literature and Revolution and contributed to Marxist aesthetic theory? Leon Trotsky
41. What term did Marxist theorist Louis Althusser use to describe institutions like schools and churches that reproduce capitalist ideology? Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs).
42. What Althusserian concept describes how ideology constructs individuals as subjects? Interpellation.
43. Who wrote the foundational post-colonial text Orientalism (1978)? Edward Said.
44. Who co-authored The Empire Writes Back (1989), a seminal text in post-colonial literary theory? Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin.
45. Who wrote the post-colonial essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1988)? Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
46. What post-colonial concept introduced by Homi K. Bhabha describes the imitation of the colonizer by the colonized, resulting in an imperfect, menacing copy? Mimicry.
47. What term does Homi Bhabha use for the ambivalent cultural space where cross-cultural translation occurs? The Third Space.
48. Who wrote Black Skin, White Masks (1952) and The Wretched of the Earth (1961)? Frantz Fanon.
49. What reader-response critic wrote Is There a Text in This Class? and developed 'interpretive communities'? Stanley Fish.
50. What reader-response theorist introduced the concept of the 'implied reader' and aesthetic response? Wolfgang Iser.
51. Who wrote The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Respons. Wolfgang Iser.
52. What literary theory focuses on the natural world, environmental ethics, and the representation of nature in literature? Ecocriticism.
53. Who wrote The Environmental Imagination (1995), a foundational work of ecocriticism? Lawrence Buell.
54. What theoretical approach investigates queer identities, homosexual representation, and the subversion of heteronormativity? Queer Theory.
55. Who wrote Epistemology of the Closet (1990)? Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
56. Who wrote Gender Trouble (1990) and introduced the concept of gender performativity? Judith Butler.
57. What 18th-century German philosopher wrote Critique of Judgment (1790), establishing modern aesthetics and the concept of the sublime? Immanuel Kant.
58. Who wrote the classical Sanskrit treatise Natya Shastra, formulating the theory of Rasa? Bharata Muni.
59. What term in Sanskrit literary criticism denotes the aesthetic relish or emotional flavor experienced by an audience? Rasa.
60. What Sanskrit critical concept refers to dominant emotional state inherent in human consciousness that matures into a rasa? Sthayi Bhava.
61. Who formulated the theory of Dhvani (suggested meaning) in classical Sanskrit poetics? Anandavardhana (in Dhvanyaloka).
62. Which Sanskrit critic wrote Vakroktijivita, championing obliqueness (vakrokti) as the very soul and life-force of poetry? Kuntaka.
63. Who wrote Kavyalankara and contributed to early Sanskrit rhetorical theory? Bhamaha.
64. What Sanskrit critical theory proposed by Kshemendra focuses on literary propriety? Auchitya theory.
65. Who wrote the classical work Sahitya Darpana defining poetry as 'a sentence whose soul is rasa'? Visvanatha Kaviraja (Acharya Visvanatha).
66. What classical Greek text attributed to Longinus explores the aesthetics of grandeur and elevation in literature? On the Sublime (Peri Hypsous).
67. Who wrote the Renaissance defense of poetry Observations on the Art of English Poesie? Thomas Campion
68. Who wrote the neoclassical critical work Prefaces to Shakespeare? Samuel Johnson.
69. Which Romantic critic wrote familiar essays and literary critiques collected in Lectures on the English Poets? William Hazlitt.
70. Who wrote the Victorian critical study Essays in Criticism (1865)? Matthew Arnold.
71. What term did Matthew Arnold use to describe free, disinterested curiosity operating globally to create a current of fresh ideas? 'The best which has been thought and said in the world.'
72. Which 20th-century American critic wrote The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition? M.H. Abrams.
73. What four-part critical framework for analyzing theories did M.H. Abrams propose in The Mirror and the Lamp? The Universe, The Artist, The Work, The Audience.
74. Who wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962), exploring media ecology and print culture? Marshall McLuhan.
75. What critical school emerged in the late 20th century analyzing trauma, memory, and cultural loss? Trauma Studies.
76. Who wrote Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History? Cathy Caruth.
77. What critical movement explores the relationship between literature, science, and technology in the digital age? Posthumanism and Digital Humanities.
78. Who wrote How We Became Posthuman (1999)? N. Katherine Hayles.
79. What critical approach examines texts through the lens of geographical spaces, mapping, and spatial politics? Spatial Criticism
80. Who wrote Postmodern Geographies (1989)? Edward W. Soja.
81. What term does Henri Lefebvre use to describe socially produced space in The Production of Space? Spatial triad (Representational space, representations of space, spatial practice).
82. Who wrote The Death of the Author (1967)? Roland Barthes.
83. Who is Roland Barthes? A famous French literary theorist.
84. Who wrote The Poetics of Space (1958)? Gaston Bachelard.
85. Who has written Being and Time (Sein Und Zeit, 1927)? Martin Heidegger.
86. Who wrote The Heresy of Paraphrase, arguing that a poem's meaning cannot be separated from its complex verbal structure? Cleanth Brooks.
87. What critical term coined by William Empson describes the linguistic ambiguity and multiple meanings packed into a single poetic word or phrase? Seven Types of Ambiguity.
88. Who wrote Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930)? William Empson.
89. What Marxist critic wrote Culture and Society and founded British Cultural Studies alongside Richard Hoggart? Raymond Williams.
90. Who wrote The Political Unconscious (1981), famously declaring 'Always historicize!'? Fredric Jameson.
91. What critical approach combines psychoanalysis and textual analysis to examine hidden anxieties and repressed desires in literature? Psychoanalytic Criticism.
92. Who wrote Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983), a highly influential introductory text to critical schools? Terry Eagleton.
93. Which Marxist literary critic wrote Criticism and Ideology and The Ideology of the Aesthetic? Terry Eagleton.
94. What critical theory investigates the representations of animals, speciesism, and human-animal boundaries in literature? Critical Animal Studies.
95. Who wrote Zoopoetics: Animals and the Making of Poetry? Aaron M. Moe.
96. What critical school examines the intersections of race, gender, class, and sexuality in shaping cultural oppression? Intersectional Criticism (built on Kimberle Crenshaw's intersectionality).
97. Who wrote The Location of Culture (1994)? Homi K. Bhabha.
98. What post-colonial concept describes the mutual constitution of colonizer and colonized identities, subverting binary oppositions? Hybridity.
99. What term does Jacques Derrida use to describe the central authority, origin, or absolute truth that Western philosophy has traditionally sought to establish? Transcendental Signified
100. What is the fundamental goal of literary criticism as an academic discipline across all its theoretical traditions? To analyze, interpret, evaluate, and interrogate the formal, historical, ideological, and psychological dimensions of literary texts.
Unit – VIII: Literary Criticism
1. Who wrote the classical Greek critical treatise Poetics? Aristotle.
2. What foundational literary concept did Aristotle use to describe the emotional cleansing achieved through tragedy? Catharsis (Katharsis).
3. Which Roman poet wrote Ars Poetica (The Art of Poetry)? Horace.
4. Who wrote the Renaissance critical work An Apology for Poetry (also known as The Defence of Poesy)? Sir Philip Sidney.
5. Which neoclassical critic wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (1668)? John Dryden.
6. Who authored the neoclassical critical essay An Essay on Criticism (1711)? Alexander Pope.
7. What critical standard advocated for the representation of universal human nature, decorum, and adherence to classical rules? Neoclassicism.
8. Which Romantic poet-critic co-authored Lyrical Ballads and wrote Biographia Literaria? Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
9. What distinction did Coleridge make between the 'primary imagination,' 'secondary imagination,' and what other faculty? Fancy.
10. Who wrote the Victorian critical essay 'The Study of Poetry' (1880), introducing the 'touchstone' method? Matthew Arnold.
11. What is poetry according to Matthew Arnold? A criticism of life.
12. Which Victorian art critic and essayist wrote Studies in the History of The Renaissance (1873), championing aestheticism? Walter Pater.
13. What 20th-century critic wrote Principles of Literary Criticism and founded practical criticism? I.A. Richards (Ivor Armstrong Richards).
14. Who introduced the concepts of 'objective correlative' and 'dissociation of sensibility'? T.S. Eliot.
15. What term did T.S. Eliot coin to describe a set of objects, a situation, or a chain of events serving as the formula for a particular emotion? Objective correlative.
16. Which American critic wrote The Well Wrought Urn (1947) and was a leading figure in the New Criticism movement? Cleanth Brooks.
17. What New Critical fallacy warns against judging a literary work based on the author's intended meaning? Intentional fallacy (formulated by W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley).
18. What New Critical fallacy warns against judging a poem by its emotional effect upon the reader? Affective fallacy.
19. Who wrote The Anatomy of Criticism (1957), introducing a monumental archetypal and mythic classification of literature? Northrop Frye.
20. What critical movement focuses closely on the close reading of textual ironies, paradoxes, and tensions without external historical context? New Criticism.
21. Who founded Russian Formalism with his essay 'Art as Device'? Viktor Shklovsky.
22. What Russian Formalist term describes the artistic technique of making familiar things strange to renew human perception? Defamiliarization (Ostranenie).
23. What distinction did Russian Formalists draw between the chronological sequence of events (fabula) and the narrative plot structure (syuzhet)? Fabula and Syuzhet.
24. Who wrote Course in General Linguistics (1916), laying the structuralist foundation for semiotics? Ferdinand de Saussure.
25. What linguistic pair did Saussure use to distinguish between the abstract language system (langue) and individual speech (parole)? Langue and Parole.
26. Who applied structural anthropology to mythology and literature, analyzing binary oppositions? Claude Levi-Strauss.
27. Who wrote 'S/Z' (1970) and analyzed narrative codes, and also wrote 'The Death of the Author'? Roland Barthes.
28. What post-structuralist philosopher introduced 'deconstruction' and the concept of differance? Jacques Derrida.
29. What term does Derrida use to denote the unstable, deferred nature of meaning in language? Differance.
30. Which French psychoanalyst re-read Sigmund Freud through structural linguistics, declaring that the unconscious is 'structured like a language'? Jacques Lacan.
31. What stage in Lacanian psychoanalysis describes an infant recognizing its mirror reflection as an idealized whole? The Mirror Stage.
32. Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), laying early feminist philosophical groundwork? Mary Wollstonecraft.
33. Which 20th-century feminist work by Simone de Beauvoir famously declared that one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman? The Second Sex (1949).
34. Who wrote A Room of One's Own (1929), exploring women's writing and financial independence? Virginia Woolf.
35. Who wrote the landmark feminist critique Sexual Politics (1969)? Kate Millett.
36. What critical approach, pioneered by Elaine Showalter, focuses on women as writers and the history of women's literature? Gynocriticism.
37. Who wrote The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), examining 19th-century female literary figures? Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar.
38. What theoretical framework examines the representation of social classes, ideology, and capitalism in literary texts? Marxist Literary Criticism.
39. Who wrote Marxism and Literature (1977) and pioneered cultural materialism? Raymond Williams.
40. Which Marxist literary theorist wrote Literature and Revolution and contributed to Marxist aesthetic theory? Leon Trotsky
41. What term did Marxist theorist Louis Althusser use to describe institutions like schools and churches that reproduce capitalist ideology? Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs).
42. What Althusserian concept describes how ideology constructs individuals as subjects? Interpellation.
43. Who wrote the foundational post-colonial text Orientalism (1978)? Edward Said.
44. Who co-authored The Empire Writes Back (1989), a seminal text in post-colonial literary theory? Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin.
45. Who wrote the post-colonial essay 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1988)? Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.
46. What post-colonial concept introduced by Homi K. Bhabha describes the imitation of the colonizer by the colonized, resulting in an imperfect, menacing copy? Mimicry.
47. What term does Homi Bhabha use for the ambivalent cultural space where cross-cultural translation occurs? The Third Space.
48. Who wrote Black Skin, White Masks (1952) and The Wretched of the Earth (1961)? Frantz Fanon.
49. What reader-response critic wrote Is There a Text in This Class? and developed 'interpretive communities'? Stanley Fish.
50. What reader-response theorist introduced the concept of the 'implied reader' and aesthetic response? Wolfgang Iser.
51. Who wrote The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Respons. Wolfgang Iser.
52. What literary theory focuses on the natural world, environmental ethics, and the representation of nature in literature? Ecocriticism.
53. Who wrote The Environmental Imagination (1995), a foundational work of ecocriticism? Lawrence Buell.
54. What theoretical approach investigates queer identities, homosexual representation, and the subversion of heteronormativity? Queer Theory.
55. Who wrote Epistemology of the Closet (1990)? Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
56. Who wrote Gender Trouble (1990) and introduced the concept of gender performativity? Judith Butler.
57. What 18th-century German philosopher wrote Critique of Judgment (1790), establishing modern aesthetics and the concept of the sublime? Immanuel Kant.
58. Who wrote the classical Sanskrit treatise Natya Shastra, formulating the theory of Rasa? Bharata Muni.
59. What term in Sanskrit literary criticism denotes the aesthetic relish or emotional flavor experienced by an audience? Rasa.
60. What Sanskrit critical concept refers to dominant emotional state inherent in human consciousness that matures into a rasa? Sthayi Bhava.
61. Who formulated the theory of Dhvani (suggested meaning) in classical Sanskrit poetics? Anandavardhana (in Dhvanyaloka).
62. Which Sanskrit critic wrote Vakroktijivita, championing obliqueness (vakrokti) as the very soul and life-force of poetry? Kuntaka.
63. Who wrote Kavyalankara and contributed to early Sanskrit rhetorical theory? Bhamaha.
64. What Sanskrit critical theory proposed by Kshemendra focuses on literary propriety? Auchitya theory.
65. Who wrote the classical work Sahitya Darpana defining poetry as 'a sentence whose soul is rasa'? Visvanatha Kaviraja (Acharya Visvanatha).
66. What classical Greek text attributed to Longinus explores the aesthetics of grandeur and elevation in literature? On the Sublime (Peri Hypsous).
67. Who wrote the Renaissance defense of poetry Observations on the Art of English Poesie? Thomas Campion
68. Who wrote the neoclassical critical work Prefaces to Shakespeare? Samuel Johnson.
69. Which Romantic critic wrote familiar essays and literary critiques collected in Lectures on the English Poets? William Hazlitt.
70. Who wrote the Victorian critical study Essays in Criticism (1865)? Matthew Arnold.
71. What term did Matthew Arnold use to describe free, disinterested curiosity operating globally to create a current of fresh ideas? 'The best which has been thought and said in the world.'
72. Which 20th-century American critic wrote The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition? M.H. Abrams.
73. What four-part critical framework for analyzing theories did M.H. Abrams propose in The Mirror and the Lamp? The Universe, The Artist, The Work, The Audience.
74. Who wrote The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962), exploring media ecology and print culture? Marshall McLuhan.
75. What critical school emerged in the late 20th century analyzing trauma, memory, and cultural loss? Trauma Studies.
76. Who wrote Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History? Cathy Caruth.
77. What critical movement explores the relationship between literature, science, and technology in the digital age? Posthumanism and Digital Humanities.
78. Who wrote How We Became Posthuman (1999)? N. Katherine Hayles.
79. What critical approach examines texts through the lens of geographical spaces, mapping, and spatial politics? Spatial Criticism
80. Who wrote Postmodern Geographies (1989)? Edward W. Soja.
81. What term does Henri Lefebvre use to describe socially produced space in The Production of Space? Spatial triad (Representational space, representations of space, spatial practice).
82. Who wrote The Death of the Author (1967)? Roland Barthes.
83. Who is Roland Barthes? A famous French literary theorist.
84. Who wrote The Poetics of Space (1958)? Gaston Bachelard.
85. Who has written Being and Time (Sein Und Zeit, 1927)? Martin Heidegger.
86. Who wrote The Heresy of Paraphrase, arguing that a poem's meaning cannot be separated from its complex verbal structure? Cleanth Brooks.
87. What critical term coined by William Empson describes the linguistic ambiguity and multiple meanings packed into a single poetic word or phrase? Seven Types of Ambiguity.
88. Who wrote Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930)? William Empson.
89. What Marxist critic wrote Culture and Society and founded British Cultural Studies alongside Richard Hoggart? Raymond Williams.
90. Who wrote The Political Unconscious (1981), famously declaring 'Always historicize!'? Fredric Jameson.
91. What critical approach combines psychoanalysis and textual analysis to examine hidden anxieties and repressed desires in literature? Psychoanalytic Criticism.
92. Who wrote Literary Theory: An Introduction (1983), a highly influential introductory text to critical schools? Terry Eagleton.
93. Which Marxist literary critic wrote Criticism and Ideology and The Ideology of the Aesthetic? Terry Eagleton.
94. What critical theory investigates the representations of animals, speciesism, and human-animal boundaries in literature? Critical Animal Studies.
95. Who wrote Zoopoetics: Animals and the Making of Poetry? Aaron M. Moe.
96. What critical school examines the intersections of race, gender, class, and sexuality in shaping cultural oppression? Intersectional Criticism (built on Kimberle Crenshaw's intersectionality).
97. Who wrote The Location of Culture (1994)? Homi K. Bhabha.
98. What post-colonial concept describes the mutual constitution of colonizer and colonized identities, subverting binary oppositions? Hybridity.
99. What term does Jacques Derrida use to describe the central authority, origin, or absolute truth that Western philosophy has traditionally sought to establish? Transcendental Signified
100. What is the fundamental goal of literary criticism as an academic discipline across all its theoretical traditions? To analyze, interpret, evaluate, and interrogate the formal, historical, ideological, and psychological dimensions of literary texts.