रस की अवधारणा

Hareshwar Roy,
रस की अवधारणा
रस की अवधारणा भारतीय कविता की एक भव्य पुरानी अवधारणा है। रस को संस्कृत साहित्य का सर्वोच्च मूल्य माना गया है। यह सौंदर्य सुख का दूसरा नाम है। नाट्यशास्त्र के रचयिता भरत मुनि को रस सिद्धांत के प्रथम आचार्य के रूप में जाना जाता है। एक प्रसिद्ध दार्शनिक अभिनवगुप्त ने भरत मुनि द्वारा प्रतिपादित रस सिद्धांत की व्याख्या की है।भरत मुनि ने आठ रसों का प्रतिपादन किया है । उनके नाट्यशास्त्र के अनुसार, प्रत्येक रस का एक पीठासीन देवता और एक विशिष्ट रंग होता है। उन्होंने निम्नलिखित की स्थापना की:
1. श्रृंगारम (प्रेम, आकर्षण): पीठासीन देवता - विष्णु; रंग- हल्का हरा।
2. हास्यम (हँसी, हास्य): पीठासीन देवता - प्रमाता; रंग- सफेद।
3. रौद्रम (रोष): पीठासीन देवता - रुद्र; रंग- लाल।
4. करुण्यम (करुणा, दया): पीठासीन देवता - यम; रंग- ग्रे।
5. बिभत्सम (घृणा, घृणा): पीठासीन देवता - शिव; रंग- नीला।
6. भयनाकम (डरावनी, आतंक) - पीठासीन देवता - काल; रंग - काला।
7. वीरम (वीर मूड) - पीठासीन देवता - इंद्र; रंग - पीला-सा ।
8. अद्भुतम (आश्चर्य, विस्मय) - पीठासीन देवता - ब्रह्मा; रंग- पीला।
Location: B-37, City Homes Colony, Jawahar Nagar Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India
Dr. Hareshwar Roy beautifully connects global research with local literature. Born in 1964 in Jamuaon (Bhojpur, Bihar), he studied at Patna University and earned his Ph.D. from APS University, Rewa. Currently, he serves as Professor of English at Government P.G. College Satna, Madhya Pradesh. Dr. Roy bridges two worlds: in class, he explains international migration and literary history, while in his heart, he keeps the rich spirit of the Bhojpuri language alive. He has published over 45 research papers focused on Indian Diaspora Writing. As an author in English, he has written Diasporic Articulation in the Novels of M.G. Vassanji, A Study of M.G. Vassanji's Novels, Varieties of Indianity in the Works of M.G. Vassanji and Rohinton Mistry, Diaspora and Indian Diaspora: A Brief Study, Short Notes of English Literature - I and Short Notes of English Literature - II. Rooted in his soil, he is a celebrated Bhojpuri poet featured on 'Kavita Kosh' and in popular collections like Hamar Pahchan Ha Bhojpuri, Hamra Pyar Ho Gail, and Bhojpuri Kavitayein. Ultimately, his life and writings serve as an inspiring example of how academic scholarship and local roots thrive together perfectly.

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The Bangle Sellers by Sarojini Naidu: Multiple Choice Questions with Answers

Hareshwar Roy,
The Bangle Sellers: Sarojini Naidu 01. Who is Sarojini Naidu? (a) A doctor (b) A lawyer (c) A poet (d) A reporter Ans: (c) A poet 02. When was Sarojini Naidu born? (a) 13 February 1879 (b) 2 March 1881 (c) 8 September 1877 (d) 27 January 1884 Ans: (a) 13 February 1879 03. Where was Sarojini Naidu born? (a) Hyderabad (b) Mumbai (c) Kolkata (d) Chennai Ans: (a) Hyderabad 04. Who is known as the ‘Nightingale of India’? (a) Asha Bhonsale (b) Lata Mangeskar (c) Sarojini Naidu (d) Suraiya Ans: (c) Sarojini Naidu 05. Sarojini Naidu is known as the Nightingale of: (a) India (b) Pakistan (c) England (d) China Ans: (a) India 06. What was the nickname of Sarojini Naidu? (a) Nightingale of India (b) Queen of Poetry (c) Lady of Freedom (d) Princess of Literature Ans: (a) Nightingale of India 07. Which Indian University did Sarojini Naidu attend? (a) Calcutta (b) Bombay (c) Madras (d) Delhi Ans: (c) Madras 08. Which University of England did Sarojini Naidu attend? (a) University of Edinburgh ...
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On the Rule of the Road by A.G. Gardiner: A complete Study

Hareshwar Roy,
On the Rule of the Road: A.G. Gardiner A. TEXT: A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for foot-passengers, but she replied: "I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now." It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the foot-passenger to walk down the middle of the road it also entitled the cab-driver to drive on the pavement, and that the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy. There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be p...
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A Hero by R.K. Narayan: Summary

Hareshwar Roy,
A Hero is a beautiful short story by R.K. Narayan. This story is about a 9 year old boy named Swami. He lives in Malgudi with his parents and grandmother. He has the habit of sleeping with his grandmother. This irritates his father. This short story presents the traumatic experiences of Swami. By accident he catches one of the most notorious house breakers of his district and becomes a hero. The story opens with Swami's father. He is reading a newspaper article about the bravery of a small boy. He calls Swami and tells the story of that boy who saves himself from the tiger. Swami is not ready to accept that story. He feels that the story is imaginary. But Swami's father tells him about the importance of courage. Swami now gets a challenge to sleep alone in his office room. Swami is scared and he does not want to accept that fearful challenge. He tries to divert the discussion. But his father is adamant. He forces him to sleep in his office. At last he has to follow the or...
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JOHN DONNE AS A METAPHYSICAL POET

Hareshwar Roy,
INTRODUCTION: John Donne is the leader and founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry. His poetry is a revolt against the popular current. First of all Dryden used the term ' Metaphysical' for Donne's poetry. He said,' Donne affects the metaphysics'. Later on Dr. Johnson called Donne and his followers 'the metaphysical poets'. Since then the word metaphysical has been used for Donne and his followers. WHAT IS METAPHYSICAL POETRY: The term metaphysics means something supernatural and transcendental. Its sense is 'what is beyond physical'. It is concerned with fundamental problems of life and death and soul even after death. The term metaphysical poetry means poetry dealing with metaphysical subjects. These subjects are - nature of universe, movements of stars and planets and the whole relationship of man to God. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: We should cast a glance at the main characteristics of metaphysical poetry before we proceed to examine Donne a...
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Longinus: Sources of Sublimity

Hareshwar Roy,
INTRODUCTION: Longinus is one of the greatest Greek critics. His position is only next to Aristotle. His 'On the Sublime' is an immortal critical document of great worth and significance. It deals wit h the principle of sublimity in the world of writing. Here Longinus discusses the meaning, the nature and the sources of sublime. He distinguishes the true sublime from the false sublime. He advises how to overcome the vices of sublime. His suggestions are of permanent and paramount value. WHAT IS SUBLIMITY: Sublimity is a certain loftiness, distinction and consummation of excellence in language, expression and composition. It is the echo of a great soul. It raises style above the ordinary. Some persons are of the view that sublimity is a gift of nature. They think that it has nothing to do with art. But one should not forget that nature needs the help of art to control its wild impulses. In fact, both nature and art contribute to sublimity in literature. According to L...
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