English Literature

Aristotle ’s Theory of Mimesis/ Imitation Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) was a towering Greek philosopher. He was a student of Plato and the tutor to Alexander the Great . His most famous contribution to literature is his treatise, Poetics . In this text, he defends the value of art against Plato's criticisms, primarily through his Theory of Mimesis / Imitation . Mimesis is the original Greek word used by Aristotle in his treatise, Poetics. When scholars translate this Greek term into English, they use the word Imitation. Aristotle’s theory of mimesis makes it clear that art is a natural way for humans to reflect and understand the world. He considers mimesis not as a simple ‘faking’ or ‘copying’ of reality but as a creative and purposeful re-presentation of human action. In simple terms According to him art is actually a creative tool that helps us see the essence of life more clearly. He is of the view that a poet does not just record what happened (like a historian); instead, ...

Indian Weavers: Sarojini Naidu WEAVERS, weaving at break of day, Why do you weave a garment so gay? Blue as the wing of a halcyon wild, We weave the robes of a new-born child. Weavers, weaving at fall of night, Why do you weave a garment so bright? Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green, We weave the marriage-veils of a queen. Weavers, weaving solemn and still, What do you weave in the moonlight chill? White as a feather and white as a cloud, We weave a dead man's funeral shroud. (An Anthology of English Literature: Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy से साभार)

The Young Captive: Toru Dutt The budding shoot ripens unharmed by the scythe, Without fear of the press, on vine branches lithe, Through spring-tide the green clusters bloom. Is't strange, then, that I in my life's morning hour, Though troubles like clouds on the dark present lower, Half-frighted shrink back from my doom ? Let the stern-hearted stoic run boldly on death! I - I weep and I hope; to the north wind's chill breath I bend, - then erect is my form! If days there are bitter, there are days also sweet, Enjoyment unmixed where on earth may we meet? What ocean has never a storm? Illusions the fairest assuage half my pain, The walls of a prison enclose me in vain, The strong wings of hope bear me far; So escapes from the net of the fowler the bird, So darts he through ether, while his music is heard Like showers of sweet sound from a star. Comes Death unto me? I sleep tranquil and calm. And Peace when I waken stands by with her balm. Remor...

द ज्यू ऑफ़ माल्टा: क्रिस्टोफर मार्लो की एक महान ट्रेजेडी क्रिस्टोफर मार्लो का नाटक द ज्यू ऑफ़ माल्टा एक निराशावादी नाटक है जो इंसान की बुराई की गहराई को दिखाता है। यह बदला, लालच, धार्मिक पाखंड और सत्ता की बेरहम चाहत के बारे में है। माल्टा द्वीप पर आधारित यह नाटक बाराबास नाम के एक अमीर यहूदी व्यापारी के पतन की कहानी है। नाटक की शुरुआत माल्टा में होती है। माल्टा के गवर्नर, फर्नेज़ के सामने एक समस्या है। तुर्की की सेना इस ईसाई गवर्नर से एक बड़ी रकम की मांग करती है। यह रकम चुकाने के लिए, फर्नेज़ द्वीप पर रहने वाले सभी यहूदी लोगों की आधी जायदाद ज़ब्त करने का फैसला करता है। माल्टा का रहने वाला बाराबास एक बहुत अमीर यहूदी व्यापारी है। उसके पास जहाज़, सोना और खज़ाना है। वह अपने पैसे से बहुत ज़्यादा प्यार करता है। उसे अपनी दौलत पर बहुत घमंड है। वह पैसे देने से मना कर देता है। वह इस गलत कानून का विरोध करता है। इस पर फर्नेज़ बहुत गुस्सा हो जाता है। वह बाराबास की सारी संपत्ति ज़ब्त कर लेता है। वह उसके घर को एक ननरी में बदल देता है। बाराबास के पास कुछ नहीं बचता। उसे धोखा महसूस होता है और वह...

The Jew of Malta: A Great Tragedy by Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta is a dark and cynical play that explores the depths of human evil. It is about revenge, greed, religious hypocrisy and the ruthless pursuit of power. Set on the island of Malta , it follows the downfall of a wealthy Jewish merchant named Barabas . The play begins in Malta. The governor of Malta, Ferneze , has a problem. The Turkish fleet demands a large tribute from this Christian governor. To pay the tribute, Ferneze decides to seize half the estates of all Jewish people on the island. Barabas, the inhabitant of Malta, is an incredibly wealthy Jewish merchant. He has ships, gold and treasure. He loves his money too much. He is very proud of his wealth. He refuses to pay. He protests this unfair law. At this Ferneze becomes very angry. He seizes everything Barabas owns. He converts his house into a nunnery . Barabas is left with nothing. He feels betrayed and swears revenge. H...

Sita: Toru Dutt Three happy children in a darkened room! What do they gaze on with wide-open eyes? A dense, dense forest, where no sunbeam pries And in its centre a cleared spot.--There bloom Gigantic flowers on creepers that embrace Tall trees; there, in a quiet lucid lake The white swans glide; there, "whirring from the brake," The peacock springs; there, herds of wild deer race; There, patches gleam with yellow waving grain; There, blue smoke from strange altars rises light, There, dwells in peace, the poet-anchorite. But who is this fair lady? Not in vain She weeps,--for lo! at every tear she sheds Tears from three pairs of young eyes fall amain, And bowed in sorrow are the three young heads. It is an old, old story, and the lay Which has evoked sad Sîta from the past Is by a mother sung.... 'Tis hushed at last And melts the picture from their sight away, Yet shall they dream of it until the day! When shall those children by their mother'...

Lakshman: Toru Dutt "Hark! Lakshman! Hark, again that cry! It is, — it is my husband's voice! Oh hasten, to his succour fly, No more hast thou, dear friend, a choice. He calls on thee, perhaps his foes Environ him on all sides round, That wail, — it means death's final throes! Why standest thou, as magic-bound? "Is this a time for thought, — oh gird Thy bright sword on, and take thy bow! He heeds not, hears not any word, Evil hangs over us, I know! Swift in decision, prompt in deed, Brave unto rashness, can this be, The man to whom all looked at need? Is it my brother that I see! "Oh no, and I must run alone, For further here I cannot stay; Art thou transformed to blind dumb stone! Wherefore this impious, strange delay! That cry, — that cry, — it seems to ring Still in my ears, — I cannot bear Suspense; if help we fail to bring His death at least we both can share" "Oh calm thyself, Videhan Queen, No cause is there for any fear, Hast thou...

बाराबास: क्रिस्टोफर मार्लो के द ज्यू ऑफ़ माल्टा का मुख्य पात्र द ज्यू ऑफ़ माल्टा क्रिस्टोफर मार्लो द्वारा लिखी गई एक बहुत ही शक्तिशाली ट्रेजेडी है। इस नाटक का मुख्य पात्र बाराबास है। वह एक बहुत ही जटिल और विवादास्पद एंटी-हीरो है। वह नाटक का विलेन है। उसे एक ऐसे आदमी के रूप में दिखाया गया है जो धोखे की गहरी भावना और एक पाखंडी समाज के खिलाफ बदला लेने की इच्छा से प्रेरित है। नाटक की शुरुआत में बाराबास को एक अमीर व्यापारी और अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार में कुशल व्यक्ति के रूप में दिखाया गया है। उसका मानना ​​है कि पैसा ही शक्ति और सुरक्षा का असली स्रोत है। वह एक यहूदी है। एक ईसाई समाज में उसे बाहरी व्यक्ति माना जाता है। उसे लगता है कि दौलत ही एकमात्र ऐसी चीज़ है जो उसकी रक्षा करती है। वह बहुत पढ़ा-लिखा और बुद्धिमान है। वह कई भाषाएँ बोलता है और वैश्विक राजनीति को समझता है। उसे दुनिया के मामलों और अर्थशास्त्र का व्यापक ज्ञान है। नाटक में बाराबास अन्याय का शिकार है। माल्टा का गवर्नर फर्नेज़, तुर्कों को टैक्स देने के लिए गलत तरीके से उसकी संपत्ति ज़ब्त कर लेता है। जब बाराबास इस गैर-कानूनी का...

Barabas: A Character in Marlowe's The Jew of Malta The Jew of Malta is a very powerful tragedy by Christopher Marlowe . The main character of this play is Barabas . He is a very complex and controversial anti-hero . He is the villain of the play. He has been depicted as a man driven by a deep sense of betrayal and a desire for revenge against a hypocritical society. At the start of the play Barabas has been depicted as a wealthy merchant and a man of skill in international trade. He believes that money is the real source of power and security. He is a Jew. In a Christian society he is treated as an outsider. He feels that wealth is the only thing that protects him. He is highly educated and intelligent. He speaks multiple languages and understands global politics. He has a vast knowledge of world affairs and economics. Barabas is the victim of injustice in the play. Ferneze , the governor of Malta, unfairly seizes his property to pay a tribute to the Turks. When Barabas ...

About Tina Morris: Tina Morris (b.1941) is a very popular author, poet and activist. She is known as a very famous twentieth century British writer. She has acquired much acclaim for her writings. As an author Tina has been writing both poetry and prose. Tina Morris is the pen name of Tina Cryer. Tina's childhood was not pleasant. She spent it in an unhealthy family environment. She moved to Manchester in her late-teens. There she worked with Adrian Henri. She started submitting her work in Dave Cunliffe’s Poetmeat. Very soon they married but they eventually split in 1969. Tina Morris has been widely published all over the world. Her poems have been broadcast locally and nationally. She has been appearing in hundreds of magazines and anthologies. She features in the Pudding Magazine, the International Journal of Applied Poetry. She also features in Children of Albion, poetry of the underground in Britain. Her recent poetry collection Mirrors and Moonshine is very popular. It ...

MA III Sem (English) CCE December 2025 Questions. Place: Department of English Date: 09 & 10 January 2026 Time: 11:30 AM to 3:00 PM Note:  Attempt any two of the following questions in each paper. Oral presentation is essential. The CCE will carry 15 marks in each paper. Only original and handwritten assignments will be accepted. Paper I (Critical Theory): 01. Discuss Aristotle's theory of imitation/ mimesis . 02. What, according to Longinus , are the principal sources of sublimity 03. Discuss T.S. Eliot's theory of impersonality . Paper II (English Language): 01. Distinguish between phonetics and phonology . 02. Write about phonemes and allophones . 03. Write notes on: (a) Dialect (b) Register and; (c) IPA Paper III (Indian Writing in English): 01. Discuss Tagore as a poet. 02. Discuss Kalam's Wings of Fire . 03. Discuss Anita Desai as a novelist. Paper IV (American Literature) 01. Write a detailed note about the American Transcendental Movement . 02. Dis...