LONGINUS: SOURCES OF SUBLIMITY
INTRODUCTION: Longinus is one of the greatest Greek critics. His
position is only next to Aristotle. His 'On the Sublime' is an immortal critical
document of great worth and significance. It deals wit h the principle of
sublimity in the world of writing. Here Longinus discusses the meaning, the
nature and the sources of sublime.
He distinguishes the true sublime from the
false sublime. He advises how to overcome the vices of sublime. His suggestions
are of permanent and paramount value.
WHAT
IS SUBLIMITY: Sublimity is a certain
loftiness, distinction and consummation of excellence in language, expression
and composition. It is the echo of a great soul. It raises style above the
ordinary. Some persons are of the view that sublimity is a gift of nature. They
think that it has nothing to do with art.
But one should not forget that nature
needs the help of art to control its wild impulses. In fact, both nature and
art contribute to sublimity in literature. According to Longinus, 'Art is
perfect when it seems to be nature, and nature hits the mark when she contains
art hidden within her'.
THE
SOURCES OF THE SUBLIME: According to
Longinus there are five principal sources of the sublime. These sources are -
[1] Grandeur of thought;
[2] Strong emotion;
[3] The use of figures;
[4] Noble diction;
[5] Dignified composition.
The 'grandeur of thought' and 'strong
emotion' is inborn gifts of nature. The rest three sources are the gifts of
art.
[1] GRANDEUR OF THOUGHT: 'Grandeur of thought' is one of the principal sources of the sublime. It is largely the gift of nature. It is essential for a sublime work. Men with mean and servile ideas can't attain sublimity. In fact, great thoughts spring from great souls. In short, it is the echo of a great soul. In the words of Longinus 'their words are full of sublimity whose thoughts are full of majesty'. Sublimity demands skilful selection and organisation of material. Details should be so chosen as to form an organic whole. The imitation is also one of the significant paths, which lead to sublimity.
[2]
STRONG EMOTION: Strong and inspired
passion is the second significant source of the sublime. The vigorous treatment
of it is essential for acquiring sublimity.
Strong emotion is an inborn gift of
a genius. According to Longinus nothing makes so much for grandeur as true
emotion in the right place. But the subject of emotion has not been dealt with
in detail.
[3]
THE USE OF FIGURES: The use of
figures is the third principal source of the sublime. It can be acquired by
art. It helps in the creation of the sublime. Figures of speech should be used
in a natural manner.
They should be employed in the right place, on the right
occasion, in the right manner and with a right motive. Only such use
strengthens the sublime and the sublime supports it. The chief figures like the
rhetorical questions; adjuration, asyndeton, hyperbaton, periphrasis, anaphora,
diatyposis and polyptota contribute much to the sublime and add greatly to the
beauty of language.
[4]
NOBLE DICTION: It is also a very
important source of the sublime. It includes choice of proper words and the use
of metaphors and ornamental language. The choice of proper and striking words
is essential for producing sublimity.
Longinus is of the view that beautiful
words are the very light of lofty thought. Trivial subjects should not be
treated in a grand manner. It means that inappropriate magnificence of diction
should be avoided. The use of metaphors also contributes a great deal to the
sublime.
[5]
DIGNIFIED COMPOSION: Dignified
composition or the harmonious arrangement of words is the fifth source of the
sublime. It is a great source of persuasion as well as pleasure. It makes the
reader or hearer share the emotion of the speaker.
It is the sense of harmony
that gives charm and organic unity to a word of art. The lack of harmony spoils
dignity and elevation and gives the composition an appearance of meanness.
CONCLUSION: Thus Longinus is one of the greatest masters of
criticism. He is the pioneer in the field of literary appreciations. His 'On
the sublime' is the first and a unique treaty on style. His prescriptions for
sublimity are universal.
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