English Literature

Babu Kunwar Singh Kunwar Singh is known as Veer Kunwar Singh in Indian history. It is he who sacrificed his life to free his nation from British rule. But today he is a forgotten hero. Few remember him. His contributions have not been much highlighted in the pages of history. Remembering him as a great warrior this article proposes to highlight Kunwar’s contribution to India’s freedom movement.The role that Veer Kunwar Singh played in the First War of Independence marks a magnificent part in the chequered history of our nation. He became a martyr for the cause of Indian independence. When India rose against the British rule in 1857, Kunwar Singh was nearly 80 years old. He fought bravely against the British and allied forces. He remained unbeatable till the end. Veer Kunwar Singh was born in 1777 at Jagdishpur in Shahabad district (Now Bhojpur,Ara) of Bihar. He was born in a royal Parmar Kshatriya (Rajput) family of Jagdishpur. His ancestors belonged to the dynasty of the great R...

हेरोडोटस हेरोडोटस को इतिहास के पिता के रूप में जाना जाता है। ऐसा इसलिए है क्योंकि वह घटनाओं को यथासंभव सटीक और सही मायने में रिकॉर्ड करने वाले पहले व्यक्ति थे। हेरोडोटस ऐतिहासिक घटनाओं की व्यवस्थित जांच करने वाले प्रथम व्यक्ति थे । उनकी जीवनी अनिश्चित बनी हुई है, लेकिन ऐसा माना जाता है कि उनका जन्म 5वीं शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व में इओनिया में हलिकर्नासस में हुआ था। ये वे हैं जिन्होंने द हिस्ट्रीज़ लिखी है। वे 5वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध के ग्रीको-फारसी युद्धों का वर्णन करने के लिए लोकप्रिय हैं। तथ्य बताते हैं कि हेरोडोटस एक धनी परिवार से थे। उन्होंने अपना समय एथेंस में बिताया और उन्हें मैसेडोनियाई क्षेत्र में किसी स्थान पर दफनाया गया। 'इतिहास के पिता' की उपाधि सबसे पहले उन्हें प्राचीन रोमन वक्ता सिसरो ने प्रदान की थी।

मध्यप्रदेश सामान्य ज्ञान: चार 01. महिला नीति बनानेवाला देश का पहला राज्य:(अ) मध्यप्रदेश (ब) उत्तरप्रदेश (स) केरल (द) महाराष्ट्र 02. वनों का शत-प्रतिशत राष्ट्रीयकरण करने वाला राज्य: (अ) बिहार (ब) मध्यप्रदेश (स) मेघालय (द) महाराष्ट्र 03. मध्यप्रदेश का पहला बायोस्फियर कहाँ स्थापित किया गया था: (अ) सतना (ब) पंचमढ़ी (स) रीवा (द) पन्ना 04. मध्यप्रदेश का पहला आवासीय खेल विद्यालय कहाँ है: (अ) ग्वालियर (ब) उज्जैन (स) सीहोर (द) सागर 05. मध्यप्रदेश का घोषित प्रथम पर्यटन नगर: (अ) शिवपुरी (ब) छतरपुर (स) कटनी (द) चित्रकूट 06. इंदिरा गाँधी राष्ट्रीय मनाव संग्रहालय कहाँ है (अ) इंदौर (ब) जबलपुर (स) टीकमगढ़ (द) भोपाल 07. मध्यप्रदेश में प्रथम आपदा प्रबंधन संस्थान कहाँ है: (अ) जबलपुर (ब) भोपाल (स) सतना (द) सीहोर 08. मध्यप्रदेश में भारतीय वन प्रबंधन संस्थान कहाँ है: (अ) पन्ना (ब) छतरपुर (स) भोपाल (द) सागर 09. मध्यप्रदेश में महारानी लक्ष्मीबाई शारीरिक शिक्षा संस्थान कहाँ है: (अ) जबलपुर (ब) ग्वालियर (स) इंदौर (द) पंचमढ़ी 10. जापान के सहयोग से मध्यप्रदेश में स्थापित ओप्टिकल फाइबर कारखाना कहाँ है: (अ) न...

  इतिहास क्या है? इतिहास घटनाओं या तथ्यों की एक श्रृंखला है जो किसी व्यक्ति या किसी चीज़ से जुड़ी होती है।यह समय के साथ परिवर्तन का अध्ययन है। यह मानव समाज के सभी पहलुओं से संबंधित है। इसमें राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, वैज्ञानिक, तकनीकी, चिकित्सा, सांस्कृतिक, बौद्धिक, धार्मिक और सैन्य विकास शामिल हैं।संक्षेप में, यह अतीत के सामाजिक जीवन का अध्ययन है। यह मनुष्य के अतीत की कहानी है। यह पूछताछ और सबूतों पर आधारित है।यह ज्ञान की वह शाखा है जो अतीत की घटनाओं को दर्ज करती है और उनकी व्याख्या करती है। यह दुनिया की समझ विकसित करता है। ज्ञान की इस शाखा के माध्यम से, हम सीख सकते हैं कि पिछले समाजों, प्रणालियों, विचारधाराओं, सरकारों, संस्कृतियों और प्रौद्योगिकियों को कैसे विकसित किया गया था; उन्हें कैसे संचालित किया गया, और वे कैसे बदल गए हैं।

J. Krishnamurti: An Introduction J. Krishnamurti is one of the greatest Indian spiritual figures of the twentieth century. He is a great philosopher, thinker, religious teacher, writer and speaker. His teaching stresses universal religious values, personal insight, and autonomous self-discipline. Discipline, according to him, vitalises and regulates energy. He attempted to synthesize the Indian and the Western philosophical and psychological principles. He felt the need for a radical change in man’s life. He also emphasized the necessity of total spiritual freedom. When the Theosophical Society called him the future world teacher, this name became a worldwide sensation. Krishnamurti promulgated his message of love throughout the world in a very impressive manner. (जे. कृष्णमूर्ति बीसवीं सदी की महानतम भारतीय आध्यात्मिक शख्सियतों में से एक हैं। वे एक महान दार्शनिक, विचारक, धार्मिक शिक्षक, लेखक और वक्ता हैं। उनका शिक्षण सार्वभौमिक धार्मिक मूल्यों, व्यक्तिगत अंतर्दृष्टि और स्वायत्त आत्म...

John Donne Introduction: John Donne is the leader and founder of the Metaphysical School of Poetry. His poetry is a revolt against the popular current. First of all Dryden used the term 'Metaphysical' for Donne's poetry. He said, 'Donne affects the metaphysics'. Later on Dr. Johnson called John Donne and his followers 'the metaphysical poets'. Since then the word metaphysical has been used for John Donne and his followers.What is Metaphysical Poetry?: The term metaphysics means something supernatural and transcendental. Its sense is 'what is beyond physical'. It is concerned with fundamental problems of life and death and soul even after death. The term metaphysical poetry means poetry dealing with metaphysical subjects. These subjects are - nature of universe, movements of stars and planets and the whole relationship of man to God. Major Characteristics: We should cast a glance at the major characteristics of metaphysical poetry before we proce...

Syllabus (Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English (Multi Disciplinary) Course Title: Creative Writing in English Course Type: Multi Disciplinary Credit Value: 3 Max Marks- 100; Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course UNIT I Fundamentals of Creative Writing Creative Writing: Definitions, Concept and Creative Process. Indian Concept of Creative Writing. Keywords: Creative Expression, Imagination, Inspiration, Originality, Narrative, Indian Knowledge Systems, Literary Aesthetics, Cultural Context, Shruti and Smruti Literature, Katha, Akhyapika. Activity: Select a poem from an Indian Language and translate it into English and present in the class. Write a short personal narrative (200-300 words) on ‘A moment that changed me’. UNIT II Art and Craft of Creative Writing Writing with Purpose and Audience in Mind Sentence Structure and Clarity Keywords: Target audience, Audience Awareness, Purposeful Writing, Clarity, Sentence Structure, Style, Coherence, Precision, Syntax Ob...

Syllabus (Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English Literature (Minor- II) Course Title: Indian Literature in Translation (Paper 2) Course Type: Minor 2 Credit Value: 4 CCE: 30 Marks; Written Examination: 70 Max Marks- 100; Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course UNIT I Poetry (i) Gujrati Folk Song ‘Rain of the World’ (Translated by Madhubhai Patel) (ii) Padma Sachdev ‘The Well’ (Translated from Dogri by Iqbal Masud) (iii) G. S. Shivarudrappa: ‘My Pocket’ (Translated from the Kannada by O. L. Nagabhushana Swamy} Keywords: Translation, Figurative Language, Imagery, Nature Poetry, Feminism, Indian Folk Song Tradition, Depiction of Society Activities: Read the poem in class, Analyse and appreciate the figures of speech. UNIT II Drama Mohan Rakesh: One Day in Ashadha Keywords: Indian Drama, Indian Stage Craft, Sanskrit Theatre, Plot, Character Study, Dialogue, Indian Society in Drama. Activities: Compose dialogues on a given situation; Compare an Indian and a Modern British Dr...

Syllabus (Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English Literature (Minor I) Course Title: World Literature (Paper 1) Course Type: Minor 1 Credit Value: 4 CCE: 30 Marks; Written Examination: 70 Max Marks- 100; Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course Unit I Indian Poetry (i) Swami Vivekanand: To The Awakened India (ii) Sri Aurobindo: Krishna Keywords: Spirituality, Indian Philosophy, Mysticism, Symbolism, Enlightenment, Patriotism Activities: Recitation of the Devotional poems, Recitation of the Patriotic poems Unit II Indian Drama (i) Badal Sircar: Evam Indrajit (ii) Mahesh Dattani: Tara Keywords: Social Issues, Gender Identity, Theatre of Absurd, Realism, Political Satire, Tradition vs Modernity, Theatre Aesthetics, Existentialism Activities: Staging a Select Scene from the drama focusing on contemporary issues, Dialogue delivery with intonation Practice Unit III British Poetry (i) William Wordsworth: Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower (ii) S. T. Coleridge: Kubla K...

Lala Hardayal is a renowned freedom fighter and a great scholar of India. He dedicated his whole life to the sacred cause of the motherland. It is he who is one of the founder members of Gadar party. Lala Hardayal was so revolutionary that he left his career of civil services to serve the nation. He was a great patriot who joined Indian freedom movement to oppose British rule in India. He visited several countries to spread the patriotic feelings among the Indians residing in foreign countries. Lalaji was inspired by many legendary Indian revolutionary figures. Among them Shyamji Krishna Varma, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Bhikhaji Cama and some others were his ideals. He was an ardent follower of Arya Samaj. Lalaji was influenced by Mazzini, Marx and Mikhail Bakunin in his writing. Lala Hardayal was born in a Punjabi family on October 14, 1884 in Delhi. Bholi Rani was his mother. The name of his father was Gauri Dayal Mathur. Mr. Mathur was an employee in the District Court. Lal...

  Syllabus (Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English Literature (Major III) Course Title: Study of Poetry (Paper III) Course Type: Major- III Credit Value: 6 CCE: 30 Marks; Written Examination: 70 Max Marks- 100 Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course: UNIT- I (A) Elements of Poetry (i) Rasa (ii) Alankara (B) Forms of Poetry (i) Sonnet (ii) Lyric (iii) Ode (iv) Elegy (v) Ballad (vi) Epic Keywords:  Indian Poetics, Aesthetic Experience, Emotions, Subjective Poetry, Prosody, Rhyme scheme Activity:  Recitation and thematic analysis of famous sonnets or odes/ quiz on forms of poetry. UNIT II Indian Classical Poetry (i) Rig Veda Samhita, translated by H. H. Wilson (Hymn 1-10, Agni, Vayu, Ashwin, IndraIndri) (ii) Bhagwad Gita, Chapter III Karma Yog, translated by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Pages 130-149 Keywords:  Ancient Bhartiya Wisdom, Hymn, Vedas, Literary and cultural heritage of Bharat, Karma Yog Activities: a. Group Discussion on -The Bhagavad Gita as a beac...

  Syllabus (Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English Literature (Major II) Course Title: Study of Drama (Paper II) Course Type: Major- II Credit Value: 6 CCE: 30 Marks; Written Examination: 70 Max Marks- 100 Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course: UNIT- I Introduction to Drama (i) Introduction to Sanskrit Drama (ii) Types of Drama: Tragedy, Comedy, Historical Play, One Act Play Keywords:  Natyashastra, Rasa Theory, Bharatmuni, Bhava, Natyadharmi and Lokadharmi, Abhinaya, Dramatic Structure, Aristotelian tragedy, Chronicle plays. Activity:  Group Discussion on Sanskrit Drama & Rasa Theory / Comparative Chart of Drama Types. UNIT II Indian Classical Drama (i) Mahakavi Kalidas: Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Act IV (ii) Shudrak: Mrichha Katikum (The Clay Cart) Act I Keywords:  Curse of Durvasa, Separation (Viraha), Śṛṅgāra (Romantic Rasa), Karuna (Pathos Rasa), Tranquility (Santa Rasa), Nāyaka / Nayika, Vṛtti (Stylistic Mode), Court and Folk Theatre, Anagnorisi...

(Syllabus- Session 2025-26 onward) BA I Year: English Literature (Major I) Course Title: Literature and Language Studies (Paper I) Course Type: Major- I Credit Value: 6 CCE: 30 Marks; Written Examination: 70 Max Marks- 100 Min. Passing Marks- 35 Content of the Course: UNIT- I (A) Fundamentals of Indian Poetics: Alamkar, Riti, Dhvani, Vakrokti, Auchitya, Mahakavya (From Dr. Kapil Kapoor’s Literary Theory, Indian Conceptual Framework, p. 15-40). (B) Introduction to Panini as a Pioneer Grammarian Keywords: Appropriateness, Indian Grammatical System, Figures of Speech Activities: Rasa Analysis of a Poem, Identify and explain the dominant Rasa (emotion) present in the selected poem, Discuss how Alamkar (figures of speech), Dhvani (suggestion), and Vakrokti (indirect expression) contribute to the poem’s impact. UNIT- II Indian Poetry (Bhakti Movement) (i) Characteristics of Bhakti Poetry (ii) Mirabai- I am Mad With Love (iii) Songs of Kabir (Song 1-5) translated by R. N. Tagore Keywords: ...

About the author of The Axe: The Axe is a very popular story. It has been written by R.K. Narayan (Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan). He is perhaps the most reputed of Indian English writers today. He was born on 10 October 1906 in a south Indian Brahmin family in Madras (the present Chennai). After graduation he devoted himself to writing. His first novel Swami and Friends appeared in 1935. It was well appreciated in England and elsewhere. Among his more famous novels are Mr. Sampath, The Financial Expert, The Guide, The Man-Eater of Malgudi and The Dark Room, The Bachelor of Arts, The English Teacher, Waiting for the Mahatma etc. His most famous collection of short stories is Malgudi Days . Narayan's novels and stories emanated from his own regional experience. A fictitious town Malgudi is always at the centre of his writing. The description of Malgudi is natural and full of realism. He wrote simple stories about common man. He presented life as he saw it. (TEXT) The Axe by R.K. ...